The Research Of Second Language Acquisition ( Sla )

INTRODUCTION The research of second language acquisition (SLA) and its theories surged in the twentieth century. At a first glance, the definition of SLA may seem clear, however when analysed further it becomes clear that the subject is a bit more complex. Nevertheless, a good definition of it could be as follows: â€Å"a study of †¦ the way in which people learn a language other than their mother tongue, inside or outside a classroom.† (Ellis, 1997:3) From the 1940s to the 1960s, a psycholinguistic theory known as behaviourism (stimulus-response), was developed, becoming recognised as a legitimate theory behind SLA. This was a positivist approach towards language learning which involved the interference and transfer between a speaker’s first†¦show more content†¦By providing a theoretical framework, then going on to discuss the arguments for and against the CA hypothesis, a conclusion on its reliability will be drawn. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK In order to fully understand the reasons for which the CA hypothesis has fallen into decline, with questions of its reliability in being sufficient in the explanation of errors made by L2 learners, it is necessary to examine other theories behind SLA. Firstly, as aforementioned, behaviourism (and therewith CA) was one school of thought, popularised by B.F Skinner and John Watson. CA is explained in Robert Lado’s Linguistics Across Cultures (1957, p. 2) in which he asserts that those elements that are similar to the [learner s] native language will be simple for him, and those areas that are different will be difficult. By this, Lado meant that errors made in the L2 (by learners) are due to habits which differed from the structures in their L1 and these errors would thus reflect the L1’s structure. However, there is another notable hypothesis which aims to explain the errors made by learners of a second language, that being Larry Selinker’s â€Å"interlanguage† hypothesis. According to Rod Ellis (1997:33), this was coined in recognition of the fact that, although L2 construct a linguistic system that does adopt part of the L1 structure, but is also differs from it and also from the target language. This means that the

The Grimm Brothers Essay - 1152 Words

The Grimm Brothers Any good fairy tale may captivate a child’s (or adult’s) mind, but few could argue that, to be truly enchanting, a tale needs great illustrations. Two of the most influential fairy tale tellers in history were the German Grimm brothers, Jacob and Wilhelm. Both very intelligent scholars, they knew how to spin a tale in the most effective way possible. However, they had plenty of work just dealing with the tales’ text, so in the area of illustration, they let their younger brother Ludwig take over, beginning with the second edition of their fairy tales. The fifth child of six in the Grimm family, Ludwig, who was always called Louis, did not necessarily follow in the scholarly footsteps of his two older brothers.†¦show more content†¦His landscapes included tranquil pastoral views from his home principality of Hesse-Kassel and busy urban scenes from cities like Berlin. He also pictured the interiors of buildings and gardens, often with grand parties and important meetings shown in their midst. Showing an interest in nature, Ludwig even made drawings of some varieties of plants and insects. He worked in many styles and media, too, ranging from rough sketches to detailed engravings, from blurred watercolors to meticulous drawings. One of Ludwig’s greatest artistic gifts was his ability to give very real personalities to the faces of his subjects by using various facial expressions and a masterful command of the different positions and characteristics of the eyes. This ability, along with his interest in nature and his u se of a myriad of subjects, including all types of people and landscapes, lent itself well to the illustration of fairy tales. The second edition of the first volume of the Grimms’ Fairy Tales marked Ludwig’s first involvement with fairy tales. Achim von Arnim, who lent money, editing and publishing services, and advice to the Grimms, had only one criticism of the enormously successful first edition of Fairy Tales: it needed illustrations. The logical choice to fill this void in the second edition was Ludwig, who made a series of engravings to accompany the text published in 1819. Since that book was published, nearly everyShow MoreRelatedThe Grimm Brothers And The Brothers1120 Words   |  5 Pagesstories are handed down generation to generation. When the brothers, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, started to publish a different type of story that depicted ordinary characters that overcame tough situations through supernatural and violent means, it caught attention among the people. These stories portrayed characters that not only possessed abnormal characteristics, but also had the lives of their adv ersaries end rather abruptly. The Grimm brothers collected extensively on fairy tales depicting violentRead MoreThe Brothers Grimm, By Jacob Grimm And Grimm1362 Words   |  6 PagesThe Brothers Grimm, Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm, encountered problems that made them print these folk stories. After their books were printed, other problems were created because of it. They had to exchange ideas with many people to be able to write their books. Many forms of literature were explored to create the masterpiece that Jacob and Wilhelm made. Stories like Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, and Rapunzel had horrendous storylines that would probably not make many people show them to their childrenRead MoreThe Movie The Brothers Grimm 1151 Words   |  5 Pagesa really good job making sure they don’t make Repunzel look weak and giving her a lot of power, but they totally forget about the male of the story Flynn Ryder. The Brothers Grimm on the other hand manage to have no masculine stereot ypes for the prince but they make Repunzel look like a helpless lamb. In the original Brothers Grimm fairytale Repunzel just agrees to marry a total stranger and has no second thoughts about such a plan. In Tangled she ties him up and hits him over the head with a fryingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Brothers Grimm 930 Words   |  4 PagesThesis The Brothers Grimm are telling different versions of the same tale, however, they are using both pieces to illustrate human behaviors and characteristics through the use of both young and old characters to provide a deeper meaning and to challenge the idealisms that a person grows up with. Similarity 1 — The role of religion food as a catalyst The bread and the apple both make a small but important appearance in Hansel and Gretel and The Juniper Tree respectively. Representing the catalystRead MoreBrothers Grimm Fairytales 1741 Words   |  7 Pagesfairytales were, I loved certain ones and there were ones that I wouldn’t watch. I loved â€Å"Beauty and the Beast† and â€Å"Cinderella†. As a child, fairytales gave me hope for a happy ever after. I would often go looking for prince charming or see if my brothers turned into talking mice. When I was younger I lived next to a forest. My friends and I would hop over the gate and play â€Å"Snow White†. We would switch up the parts every day and when it got dark we played â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood†. Until one day anRead MoreThe Grimm Brothers: Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm1571 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: I chose to research fairytales, specifically fairytales by the Grimm brothers. Fairytales are short stories that tend to consist of fantasy people, places, and objects. Many of these consist of fairies or magical creatures. Most fairy tales start off with â€Å"Once upon a time†, or â€Å"In a faraway land†. Many times in fairytales objects are enchanted and can talk or move. The most common characters in a fairy tale are prince and princess. A lot of fairy tales are retold throughout generationsRead MoreThe Brothers Grimm Essay2439 Words   |  10 Pagesone way or another altering the tale to reflect a piece of their life in the work . The Brothers Grimm wrote hundreds of fairy tales in their life time and in these works they used their childhood experiences as reference. Because of the hardships they faced growing up their tales take on a more gruesome approach to fairy tales. Because their mother was their only caregiver growing up, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm reflec t their fondness towards her through the strong willed, independent female charactersRead MoreA Brief Look at the Brothers Grimm817 Words   |  3 Pagesmeeting her very own prince charming? These popular fairy tales were created by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm. Their primary motivation when starting their collection of fairy tales was to preserve culture rather than entertain, but entertain is what they did. These fairy tales, and versions of them, have remained popular for a very long time, outlasting most other works of literature. The Brothers Grimm adapted these well-known stories from around Europe to reflect their own personal views, GermanizeRead MoreThe Fairy Tales By The Grimm Brothers1198 Words   |  5 PagesSociety has and always will continue to have a great influence on many things such as, music, to movies, and even fairy tales that we thought we knew so well. More specifically, society has influenced the Grimm fairy tales. The original Grimms tales that were collected would now be considered dark, gruesome, explicit and something that children should not, for any reason read. Because of this, over time society wanted a change in what their children were hearing, reading and now seeing. The talesRead MoreThe Influences of the Brothers Grimm Essay1415 Words   |  6 PagesThe Brothers Grimm were academics best known for publishing collections of folk tales and fairy tales, which became massively popular. (Zipes p. 7) Born in Hanau, Germany, a year apart, with Jacob Ludwig Karl Grimm born the oldest, on January 4, 1985, and Wilhelm Karl Grimm on February 24, 1786. Their family consisted of nine other siblings, six of which survived infancy, and their parents. (Zipes p. 9) Their early childhood was described as idyllic with them living in a beautiful countryside

Business Strategy Singapore Changi Airport

Question: Define the Report for Business Strategy of Singapore Changi Airport. Answer: Introduction Singapore Airlines, which is located at the Singapore Changi Airport, is the flag carrier of the country. It highlights the countrys national sign and symbol. The company is involved customer service to the people and is one of the leading names in the airline industry. The company was founded on 1 May 1947 (Heracleous and Wirtz 2014). It was founded as Malaysian Airways. The company commenced the operation of the business from 1 October 1972. The company has an alliance with the company Star Alliance. The slogan of the company is A Great Way to Fly. The headquarters of Singapore Airlines is at Airline House, Singapore. The company at present has 24,350 employees in the workplace. Singapore Airlines ranks among the top 15 carriers in the world regarding revenue and ranks among the top 10 for the total capacity of the airway. Singapore Airlines has become a trendsetter and enjoy a brand name and value. The International Air Transport Association named the Singapore Airline as the seco nd largest airline. Discussion It has been viewed that Singapore Airlines had developed into a brand name and has become a trend setter. It has become one of the worlds renowned cargo and passenger carriers. In due course the company has become a trendsetter with major attention given to is operation strategy. it has been seen that the operation strategy of the company contributes to the competitive advantage of the company and the reason behind it being a brand name. There are certain strategies that Singapore Airline uses and discharges to the public (Heracleous and Wirtz 2014). Major attention was given to the development of the in-flight services. Major effort is given on the improvement of the facilities and services at Changi airport. It is complemented by innovative technology. It introduced the concept and practically implemented the technology of wireless gatelink. This was implemented within diameter of the airport in order to share data successfully and improve the various levels of functions that were carried out within the organization (Rothaermel 2015). Another example of innovation was providing entertainment on demand to all classes. This strengthened the customer satisfaction, which the company required to maintain brand value and customer loyalty in the process. Therefore, major attention was given on the improvement of technology, which could benefit the company and in the process increase the profitability. The company stresses on training programs so that employees are trained in discharging quality service and consequently contribute posi tively to high level of satisfaction among people. The employees are motivated to looks after the needs and requirement of the customers so that they can provide the best quality service to the customer, which will help the company to achieve customer satisfaction and in the process help the company to strengthen its brand image and profitability index of the company. However, the negative point of this strategy is that increase the cost and investment of the company in technology and training program. Therefore, the challenge of rising cost is an important consideration that the company has to make. It is the negative side of this operational strategy. The cost of developing in house facilities and technology depicts the negative side of this operational strategy (Verbeke, 2013). One of the highlighting strategies that Singapore Airlines adopt is the dual strategy. This strategy highlights the two main aspects of differentiation and cost leadership that the company adopts. According to this strategy the company focuses on providing quality service to the customers. It can be seen that recruitment procedures, high level training and cultural diversity contribute to the quality service that the company provides to the passenger. Cost leadership is another strategy of the company and it can be seen that the company employs low cost strategy to maintain high profitability index (Garg, Agarwal and Acharya 2016). The company outsources the non-primary activities and follows strict standards, low maintenance cost to enable the company to maintain low cost in the process. It helps the company to maintain high profitability index without affecting the price of the service. It creates customer satisfaction, helps the company in making a strong customer base and thereby helps the company to grow and expand in the process. It helps the company to fight competition and gain the competitive edge in the process. In the current situation of price war, one fact that needs to be noted is that dual strategy is a potent weapon to combat this situation (Schofield 2016). However, there is a negative side to this as well. The dual strategy is a difficult and a tricky proposition. Sustainability in the longer run is the major drawback of this strategy. It is difficult to sustain this strategy in the longer run. It tends to involve conflicting investment and organizational procedures (Bentley, Omer and Sharp 2013). Thus, it is not possible to continue this process and strategy in the long run. The airline company follows a strategy termed as internal growth strategy. This strategy embarks on an aggressive growth approach that the company adopts. The two subsidiaries of the company assist the company in growth and expansion of the company. SIA Engineering plays a critical role in increasing the productivity and assumption of better opportunities in business (Lin 2015). The advent of globalization has led the company to expand internationally and indulge in cross country dealings. The company invests in different airline companies and develops new subsidiaries in different countries so that it improves and provides enhanced level of support to its airlines. The investment helps the company to improve the various elements of the company. It helps to renovate the cabin and other necessary departments that are subjected to continuous scrutiny and maintenance. It helps the company to keep the price level low and enables the company to have a high bargaining power over the suppli ers. It gives the company the competitive edge and the brand value that the company genuinely requires. it assists the company in expanding its size, fleet and adds route. However, this strategy has its necessary pitfalls as well. It can be seen that globalization has mixed blessings. The cyclical trend of economy has a major effect on this strategy. The Asian Financial Crisis compelled the company to re-evaluate and re assess the operation cost of the company and the investments it made it different airline companies because the financial crisis had a major effect on the investments and operation cost of the company (Johnson 2014). The customer oriented approach adopted by the company makes it give significant emphasis on the service that is given to people. For this purpose, training programs are given primary importance. The emphasis is given on training the recruits and employees about the importance of culture and cultural diversity. It majorly stresses deportments and ethical practices. It emphasises on effective communication level that will ensure better understanding and communication with the passengers. The cabin crew of the company are effectively trained to efficiently communicate with American, Chinese and Japanese passengers (Schofield 2016). However, it can be seen that such training programs are expensive and time consuming. It increases the expenditure level of the company and at the same time it is noticed that cultural issues are very critical and sensitive issue and thus, there could be major shortcomings in such regards. On evaluating the swot analysis of the company, the advantages and feasibility of the strategies and operations can be depicted. It is seen that the strength of the company lies in strong customer, proper hub in Singapore and able support from the Government. The weakness of the company is seen in international traffic, high competition, tension between trade union and management. Opportunities include improvising training programs, global expansion policies in Middle East, China and India. The threat for the company is noticed in the increasing price of oil and fuel cost. Increasing number of competitors also pose a major threat to the company (Buckley, Burton and Mirza 2016). Conclusion Thus, concluding the essay, it can be viewed that the business strategies adopted by Singapore Airlines is highly strategic and efficient. There are certain pitfalls that is noticed in the strategies and approach assumed by the company. The dual strategy adopted by the company is highly beneficial and it ensures that the company has a high customer base and high profitability index. These strategies have helped the company to ensure a sound customer base with good and resounding profitability level. The company has been a global name and the increasing brand value in the airline industry. The critical evaluation of the business strategies of the company shows the pros and cons of these strategies and highlights the scope of the company in terms of growth and profit in the longer run. Reference List Bentley, K.A., Omer, T.C. and Sharp, N.Y., 2013. Business strategy, financial reporting irregularities, and audit effort.Contemporary Accounting Research,30(2), pp.780-817. Buckley, P.J., Burton, F. and Mirza, H. eds., 2016.The strategy and organization of international business. Springer. Garg, M., Agarwal, D. and Acharya, S., 2016. A Study on Sensory Advertising and Impact on Consumer Behaviour 2016.PARIPEX-Indian Journal of Research,5(2). Heracleous, L. and Wirtz, J., 2014. Singapore Airlines: Achieving sustainable advantage through mastering paradox.The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, p.0021886314522323. Johnson, B., 2014. Reflections: A perspective on paradox and its application to modern management.The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,50(2), pp.206-212. Lin, Y.H., 2015. Innovative brand experience's influence on brand equity and brand satisfaction.Journal of Business Research,68(11), pp.2254-2259. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Schofield, A., 2016. Mixing models: Singapore Airlines refines the formula for low-cost carrier ownership.Aviation Week Space Technology. Verbeke, A., 2013.International business strategy. Cambridge University Press.

The Corner Shop free essay sample

Analysis and interpretation of †The Corner Shop† In the last decades globalization has forced every country in the world to define what values and unique characteristics makes the country different and exceptional. The essay â€Å"The Corner Shop† is written by the British writer and former journalist at the centre-left liberal newspaper The Guardian Shyama Pereras in 2000, and it deals with this exact topic. She puts focus on how globalization has taken a thing considered as a unique specimen of a nation and changed it into something foreign. The corner shop stands today as a daily reminder that we all live in a global village. Shyama Pereras starts her essay with a quote from the Sunday Times that says â€Å"if your surname is Partel, you’re seven times more likely to be a millionaire than if your name is Smith†. To understand this statement, it’s important to understand the history of the name Partel. We will write a custom essay sample on The Corner Shop or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Partel is a surname of Indian origin. Within the United Kingdom, it is the twenty-fourth most common surname nationally, and in central London it is third most common. When The Sunday Times uses Partel in comparison with the surname Smith, which is the most common name in the United Kingdom, she puts every Englishman up against every middle-eastern immigrant in the United Kingdom. What the Sunday Times really is saying, is that when you’re a middle-eastern immigrant you have a much bigger chance of being a millionaire than if your part of the indigenous English population. Pereras chooses to involve this Sunday Times â€Å"rich list†, to underline the actuality and legitimacy, which this topic has in today’s society. To exemplify she gives a daily example that especially Englishmen know and can relate to: The corner shop. This compressed form of shop where you can buy the basics such as alcoholic and soft drinks, newspaper, magazines and simple groceries has since the concepts entry been considered as a core-British asset. Shyama Pereras describes the corner shop as much more than just a little shop; it is â€Å"the center of community life†, these sights are used for locals to meet and greet. Back in time Brits used these shops as a place where they could buy their â€Å"New Zealand butter, Ceylon Tea and the Daily Herald† – all goods that are British trademarks. However did the Corner Shops undergo a drastic change up through the centuries – as the increasing globalization took its toll in the last part of 19th century, the assortment of different supplies from around the world expanded and suddenly there was a decline in demand of old traditional British articles. Here Shyama Pereras uses her own experience to further clarify this development. Her local corner shop sold the articles that you would expect from a shop like that however did a similar shop with an Indian owner expand the range of goods so it now also included readymade curry chicken, even to an unbeatable price. As a result of this, the traditional corner shop weren’t able to compete and had to close down. This wasn’t an exceptional case, the vast majority of the traditional British corner shops were replaced by a redesigned, more efficient, middle-eastern business model. Shyama Pereras doesn’t show a particular opinion in this essay. She simply explain how globalization has had its impact on our everyday life. The urbanization and multicultural flow has turned the view on what is considered as a unique characteristic of a nation and what is foreign, upside down. She calls the foreigners who came and overtook the corner shop market â€Å"innovative reinventions†. Foreign people came to the shores of the United Kingdom and took something that was the very essence of being British and changed it into something better and more efficient – it may not be as tradition-bound, but the indigenous British people has accepted this in return of a much more varied, and for some, more exciting and exotic selection of goods. Another explanation to this phenomenon could be that the Brits don’t see it as a â€Å"high status job† to be standing behind a counter all day. It may have been more socially acceptable in the old days to own a corner shop than it is today due to the economic growth of the western hemisphere and an increasing number of immigrants, who would be more than satisfied with a job in a corner shop. Shyama Pereras deals with globalization as the general theme in this essay. She tries to give an answer to how the corner shop has changed from being a symbol of nationality, to a symbol of internationality. Pereras writes through the eyes of an indigenous Brit by saying â€Å"we didn’t like† and â€Å"none of us saw at the time† which gives a feeling of her being a part of the affected group of globalization. Shyama Pereras concludes her essay with the statement: â€Å"the concept, steeped in white British history, is now a marker of our multi-ethnic future. † This underlines a tendency in modern society: that what is a national unique gem today – may be global mainstream tomorrow. .