The Lobbying In Tourism Tourism Essay

The Lobbying In Tourism Essay In all large business making ventures there have consistently been apparatus and bonds. It the past it used to be called pay off and now days, because of its improved structure and sophisticate way it is done, it is supposed to campaign. Who are the lobbyists in the travel industry? How might they advantage from preferring certain gathering of individuals and certain goals? Is it the matter of very much done campaigning the advancement of a specific goal? Campaigning and showcasing how are these really associated? Is it up to the lobbyists that some great qualities have lost their significance? How much have the Internet and broad communications impacted the style and mindfulness development of the specific goal and is it additionally a sort of campaigning? How much is campaigning bravo individuals, goals and ventures and what is the job of the common division in such procedures? These are only some of inquiries important to be settled so as to get cleared with the event increasingly more present in current travel industry. It is about tremendous measures of cash and in light of this travel industry will turn out to be (much increasingly) fascinating to the lobbyists. All the time individuals wonder how it may be the case that specific tasks are finished on schedule and how just the specific gathering of individuals takes a section in these? A large number of these individuals shouldn't manage such ventures, a considerable lot of these organizations didn't have the best offer; yet they figured out how to take an interest in the activities. How it is feasible for a person to make only a couple of steps and out of nowhere to turn into a significant member? Campaigning is extraordinary compared to other potential answers. It is very much highlighted in business where it is everything about the huge total of cash just as where the incredible national and social premium is concerned. Who the lobbyists are now and again it is known what their identity is, while in some others they resemble some mystery social orders, truly puzzling. It is the second 50% of the twentieth century while campaigning in the travel industry began to sprout. It was the second when the mass the travel industry prospered alongside the incredible number of open items constructed and various the travel industry fairs held-all these were/are a fabulous vehicle for the lobbyists to extend their impact. Numerous secondary school and school principals just as inn/inn and visitor association supervisors are likewise engaged with the way toward campaigning there are interests wherever not really budgetary, why a few things are done in such manner and why certain individuals do these. The thought campaigning originates from the English word anteroom which means the zone that is simply inside an enormous structure, where individuals can meet and pause .In this space individuals from the British Parliament used to arrange, make a few game plans and trade the data. That is the way the thought of campaigning was framed (to attempt to impact a legislator or the administration to do or not to accomplish something). In both British and American arrangement of government it is consolidated association managing administrative procedures in such manner as to speak to modern .and other interestsâ [1]â . If there should arise an occurrence of the travel industry, the standard lobbyists are the administrations of certain nations just as the individuals who need something to be done as they like it and so as to increase some benefit. All the time conventional individuals are not familiar with this, because of well gifted experts. Matchless quality and control are significant parts in all circles of life and campaigning as such is fine intends to accomplish this. 1. Campaigning IN SERBIA In Serbia, campaigning will never again be worked in a mystery way and away from the open eye; unexpectedly, it will be an occupation where diversified experts will be included. In July, 2009, there was the recommendation of The Lobbying Law made, so that campaigning could turn into an occupation as some other. As indicated by this law, there will be one of a kind Professional Lobbyist Register Office to manage the standards of campaigning and to control the individuals who work inverse the manner in which it is anticipated. In such Bill it is said that campaigning is the route for the invested individual to accomplish sway on certain members in both legal force and enactment, so as such guidelines co no damage on the invested individuals or they can profit by them. The effect must be clarified in full subtleties and simultaneously honest, valuable and important and simultaneously it ought to do no mischief on different members when it is incorporated. Campaigning includes all the ex ercises finished with reason to impact dynamic inside open specialists. The reason for such law is to make campaigning process open and straightforward, to make it accessible to be handily constrained by the official and administrative specialists and forestall campaigning to act in the manner inverse the legitimate guidelines. (The draft of the Lobbying Law diagram). In this law it is likewise referenced that a lobbyist is a characteristic individual or a substance and campaigning is an action with reason to accomplish some impact on the procedures inside the official and administrative specialists. It would be fundamental for every one of the individuals who need to carry out this responsibility to have a permit, the composed report, acquired from the Lobbyist Board. Moreover, this law states who can be a lobbyist and in any event, something progressively significant who are those reserving no options to do such action, and they are: authorities, individuals from State Budget Agen cy, individuals from the authority overseeing and managing sheets for example every one of those whose movement may cause irreconcilable circumstance. Lobbyist action is accessible to people in general as indicated by the law, albeit certain snippets of data are classified as to ensure customers and their protection. Up to the second when the law is passed, campaigning is a movement done by the powerful individuals who are beginners just as indicated by their instruction and can not get the permit; they are specialists having boss effect on dynamic and benefit sharing. 2. Campaigning AND TOURISM If there should arise an occurrence of the travel industry, campaigning can be viewed as any interchanges made by representatives in the travel industry, right off the bat with the possible customers as the manner in which he checks his campaigning abilities to be specific, on the off chance that he is a decent lobbyist, he can transform an expected customer into the customer and prevail with regards to taking as much time as is needed and cash and offer particular types of assistance for him. The contact and the imperceptible administrations introduction to the customer is one sort of campaigning just as that includes certain aptitudes. Zoran Ivanovic, an educator at the Faculty of Management in Tourism and Hospitality in Opatija referenced, at he Congress of the Hotel and Tourism Management, held in Opatija in 2008 that what is important is the fundamental aptitudes and capabilities, as opposed to information. This idea is really a meaning of very much done campaigning. It is impor tant to improve information constantly and continue taking a shot at it. Those having a sort of latent information can be lost in a wide scope of logical information. Aptitudes and capabilities are instructed and it is their continuous practice and improvement that can prompt the outcomes, regardless of what exercises we think about arrangements, campaigning, or when we basically need to leave a decent impression. Competenciesâ [2]â and skillsâ [3]â and campaigning are basic for the travel industry. The travel industry, characterized as moving of individuals from their place of home to another with a great deal of cash spent there, is really an industry selling its administrations without to be checked already. All these supposed exercises, being not recently checked must be sold and should be appropriately shown so as to be bought. It is asserted that one or considerably more traveler seasons to a great extent rely upon lobbyists it tends to be so because of the way that the lobbyists are the individuals who regularly make patterns and pictures and they are actually the ones who do the advancement inclines really rely upon them, they are the individuals who individuals have faith in or the other way around. One of the most significant abilities of lobbyists and individuals working in the travel industry is the talk. Is one of the seven collectible, antiquated aptitudes and shows the manne r in which correspondence is cultivated and the data transmitted. Lamentably, understudies at the Faculties of Tourism in Serbia don't get an opportunity to familiarize with this, however it is fundamental for this calling. It is significant for the lobbyists since they need to realize how to state what they need to and how, by utilizing the littlest potential quantities of words report anything. It tends to be said that campaigning is an authoritatively new aptitude in Serbia however it is certain that it used to exist in the travel industry and some different enterprises quite a while prior and that lobbyist used to be generously compensated for the activity done. So far campaigning in Serbia has been worried to mean pay off and debasement, however in some other the EU nations the board agreements and grants for the finished tasks are not the news. It is actually what Serbia accomplishes. To grant somebody implies that you respect hisher work and legitimacy for specific things. Campaigning can make some traveler goals become staple, it can have to do with reasonable turn of events, it can advance somewhere in the range of a thought concerning the travel industry all these rely upon the person who requests campaigning administrations. At the point when the travel industry is thought about, every administration ought to have lobbyists in a portion of the associations, for example, UNESCO, ICOM, ICOMOS, and so forth. It will be conceivable than to introduce common marvels and ventures identified with their security and those lobbyists ought to have errand to persuade the authorities there that it is their undertaking that it is generally earnest and ought to be the first financed on the grounds that it is exceptional, extraordinary and endangered㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦all these exercises have to do with talk, great introduction and great impression the authorities get. 3. Campaigning AS THE CREATIVE INDUSTRY SEGMENT The idea of inventive industry includes the depiction of reasonable and viable converging of imaginative expressions (singular ability) alongside social businesses (mass) and out and out with regards to Informational and Communicat

The Influence of Culture on Language Essay Example for Free

The Influence of Culture on Language Essay In this motion pictures, I can discover a great deal of ideas that we have been concentrated in this four part. Despite the fact that I generally differ the principle thought of this film, I think it is battle for endure and there are not satisfactory equity, I let it be known is a decent film to consider intercultural correspondence. In the wake of watching this film, I first consider the Identity. Characters are sets of social desire identified with ourselves as well as other people that are grounded in the transaction among similitudes and contrast and relate to individual, social and collective parts of lives. As should be obvious from the initial scene when the general expectation the Lieutenant Jim to battle for human, even he make him to pick between his sibling life or Mala. A job is something one puts on and takes off contingent upon the requirements of the circumstance. In this circumstance, the general expected the Lieutenant Jim to battle for him however not for parliament, since he think Jim is a human and officer, he was unable to battle for Terrian. It is a job desire. I likewise discover the correspondences relationship to personality in this film and it is Ironically. At the point when the officers discover the Mala in their Ark, they initially thought is she will demolish Ark, they should get her as quickly as time permits. Such character name consistently take this regular thought that Mala isn't human, she should so as to devastate to come the Ark. The correspondence normally mirrors her personalities, additionally her characters will regular reflect what she will doing. Be that as it may, amusingly, who capture human to catch the planet inflexible isn't Mala, however Lieutenant Jim, likewise a human. It is no uncertainty to discover the film is most to concentrate on close to home character. The film profoundly acclaim the individual personality has unique capacity to tackle the contentions between social character and collective personality. As a human, he has a collective character. In any case, he additionally has a social character that he is a companion of Mala. During the fight, he need to spare his sibling and furthermore would prefer not to hurt Mala, as of now, he did another decision. Finally, there a scene shows a major figure about Lieutenant Jim. Valor most present an individual character. In the film, I discover another contention about the perspective. What is our relationship with the nature, dominance or versatile. The general absolutely represent dominance the world. He need to catch the planet and change the world to another earth. Human is for the most part prefer to dominance the world. We can discover at the film expressed, it is a direct result of supreme authority the nature, we are ver-misuse, pulverize the nature and battle each other that lead to lose our reality. In any case, the parliament appears to change. It is progressively similar to Terrian to versatile the world. They remain to share the world and loan into nature. Now, we can discover another idea which we concentrate in this for part is Similarities and Differences. So when we talk about the way of life, we were unable to be overgeneralization. Back to the perspective, we discover the Terrians world view is more as per that current natural insurance association pushed. At this view, I truly love to adjust the world or not to ace it. Yet, finally, I generally locate that human is progressively similar to make a major pen to close ourselves. I thought the creator is fairly extraordinary. Finally, I think to consider an intercultural correspondence in a film is an important and fascinating. Be that as it may, possibly it is a little misrepresentation, in light of the fact that the film consistently take a few creators individual incentive in it.

Mobile Learning Example

Mobile Learning Example Mobile Learning â€" Assignment Example > Integrating M Learning in Education SystemsAbstractThe need for a better method of carrying out studies has seen the growth of information technologies to encourage the use of modern products to access information. Traditional forms of education were seen to be biased on students who wanted to learn overseas. It was also disadvantageous to students who had disability problems including physical impairments or vision problems. Other students were so busy to attend to normal lectures an all this led to development of modern education system in schools. This paper is going to compare learning methods in the traditional society and the modern society. Main focus will be given on modern methods of study, how they have been implemented in the modern study and its advantages to those using the method of study. It will also show the progression from traditional methods of learning to the most recent developments in research, seeking to promote the use of mobile learning in institutions as a more effective way of learning in the digital world. IntroductionThe use of modern mobile technology has replaced the use of traditional methods of learning. Traditionally learning was a must for all students who wanted to excel in that the students were monitored by their teachers on a daily basis and their progress noted. It made sure that all students in school attended lecture classes without fail (Motiwalla, 2007, pp 582). This method of study was not supported by many students because they did not have freedom to do what they wanted in school. The traditional learning system also made it hard for overseas students who were not in a position to attend classes because of financial strain or distance barrier. These problems led to introduction of modern methods of learning including use of information technology, e-learning and m-learning systems. The review part of study will feature on traditional methods of learning, its disadvantages and how the mobile-learning were impl emented in the modern education systems. It will also focus on how the use of m-learning has contributed in boosting education systems over the world. Lastly, the study will give recommendations and conclusion concerning integrations of m-learning methods in the education system. Historical Background to LearningTraditionally, learning took place in a classroom or a space set aside for learning activities (Motiwalla, 2007, pp 582). Learning was conducted under trees, as they did not have decent classrooms for studying. The whole idea of a school was to bring the communities together by promoting unity among the children and the elders of the society. This social connection was very important in a person’s development and especially in a child’s development. The students were educated on how to handle different people with different personalities within and outside their community. The teachers interacted freely with the students face to face and this built a good relation ship between them. It also provided room for teachers and lecturers to be able to assess the students’ progress over time. This method of learning allowed the teachers to identify areas of weakness in a student, early enough to be helped, before it became critical. The students with learning problems received required attention by the teachers (Motiwalla, 2007).

Dyslexi The Most Prominent Learning Disability - 1025 Words

Dyslexia is the most prominent learning disability here in the United State but, it is also the most misunderstood. For centuries, those with dyslexia have been labeled as stupid and incompetent, when in fact they extremely intelligent, excelling in areas such as art, science and music. Due to our lack of knowledge and understanding, we as a nation are ignorant, deeming truth to the stereotypes that have long been associated with this so called â€Å"disease.† In order to reverse the damage that has already been done, we must differentiate fact from fiction. In order to fully understand dyslexia, individuals need to be provided with resources that address every aspect of the disability, including what it is, the possible causes, signs, symptoms and treatments available. Awareness is key to change! The first step toward transformation is education. Before we can expect people to alter their perceptions, they must understand what it is. Dyslexia is a learning disability linked t o those who struggle with reading. Although, it seems pretty simple, dyslexia is extremely challenging to identify because it is not defined by one specific thing. Moreover, it includes a wide array of difficulties such as: trouble spelling words, reading quickly, writing out words, â€Å"sounding out words in† head, pronunciation and comprehension. Thanks to profound research and the advances in technology, the fMRI brain scan has made it possible for us examine the human brain. We are now able to compare how

The Power of Cultural Diversity Essay - 1491 Words

Effective Interpersonal Relations The Power of Cultural Diversity Cultural diversity is a powerful standard in human nature that stimulates the development of the stimuli that makes people worldwide diverse. It is the commercial growth, which means leading a more pleasantly passionate, ethical and spiritual life. It grasps the primary principles, which gives a solid foundation towards the elevation of cultural diversity. It is an advantage that is crucial for the reduction of poverty and the success of ecological growth. In cultural diversity, communication and barriers to effective communication works alongside one another. Barriers of effective communication can be simple or complex from time to time. Operational communication is†¦show more content†¦Since all of these tools are used in the service of understanding culture, a working definition of culture is useful. Donal Carbaugh defines culture as a system of expressive practices fraught with feelings, a system of symbols, premises, rules, forms, and the domains and dimensions of mutua l meanings associated with these.[4] He also suggests culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behaviors of a relatively large group of people.[5] In each of these definitions, culture is linked to communication and a wide range of human experience including feelings, identity, and meaning-making. Communication is the vehicle by which meanings are conveyed, identity is composed and reinforced, and feelings are expressed. As we communicate using different cultural habits and meaning systems, both conflict and harmony are possible outcomes of any interaction.† (http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/communication_tools/) What are the barriers to effective communication? The first thing we should do to understand the communication process is identify which barrier is affecting our ability to communicate. The person sending the message has to convey the message clearly. Whenever the receiver gets the message, they must be able to understand the meaning of it to deliver a feedback. There are quite a few barriers ofShow MoreRelatedDiversity And Cultural Diversity1198 Words   |  5 PagesBetancourt, Green, Carrillo Ananeh-Firempong (2003) cultural competence refers to understanding the importance of social and cultural influences that a minority group may have as an inherent trait. The authors also affirmed that a cultural competent system acknowledges, integrates and incorporates the relevance of culture, evaluation of cross-cultural relations, , and adaptation of services to meet culturally unique needs(pg.294). 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The Electronic Cigarette Free Essays

Electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, have become increasingly popular in recent years. Regular cigarette smoking has been on the decline due to many factors including price, health risks, and the fact that most public places no longer allow indoor smoking; making it an inconvenience to step outside and light one up. The convenience, affordability, and health benefits are just a number of reasons the electronic cigarette is rising in popularity. We will write a custom essay sample on The Electronic Cigarette or any similar topic only for you Order Now A comparison between e-cigarettes and regular cigarettes show a number of similarities and differences. E-cigarettes offer the same amount of nicotine regular cigarettes do, thus satisfying a smokers nicotine craving that is attributed with cigarette smoking. E-cigarettes just about look, feel, and weigh about as much as a real cigarette, so puffing on one won’t feel foreign to the seasoned smoker. Smoking regularly can get pretty expensive and buying the e-cigarette start up kit can be just as expensive too. As a smoker myself, I have noticed a number of differences between cigarettes and e-cigarettes. The taste of a regular cigarette to me is much more satisfying than that of an e-cigarette. E-cigarettes lack the authentic tobacco taste that cigarettes have and this leads to a less pleasing smoking experience. Cigarette smoke is full of harmful toxins, whereas e-cigarettes have about 1,000 times less toxins and there is no smoke, only water vapor. This leads to why most people who aren’t ready to fully quit smoking, to start smoking e-cigarettes. Cigarette smoking is also very expensive, whereas e-cigarettes require quite a heavy initial investment at first, around $100 for the start up kit, they pay for themselves in the long run and end up saving you money over time. How to cite The Electronic Cigarette, Papers

Essentials of Finance and Accounting

Question: Discuss about the Essentials of Finance and Accounting. Answer: Introduction: The set up of ASOS happened in the year 2000 with the headquarters located in London. The company has crafted a place for itself in the industry by catering to the tastes of youngsters in terms of fashion. It is popularly known as the fashion point where fashionable stuffs are available. The company has a giant reach as it offers over eighty thousand brand and high end products through mobiles and web services. As per analysis of the annual report it is seen that the company recorded a strong growth in sales that surpassed twenty percent in comparison to the figure of eight percent (ASOS, 2015). The international sales also witnessed a jump of over ten percent. This is entirely by dint of technological improvement and developments made in each year. The company strives to attain the topmost position. Ratio analysis Profitability Ratio The profitability ratios are the ratios which help to determine the level of expenses and profits of a company. These ratios evaluate the companys profit generating levels, by comparing the gains and expenses based on various metrics (Christensen, 2011). Return on assets: the return on assets ratio help the investors calculate and measure the performance of assets in terms of profits generated by the company. This ratio calculates the assets efficiency in earning profits (Christensen, 2011). Higher the ratio, better it depicts the utilization of assets. Following is the formula which is used to calculate the return on assets. Return on Assets for ASOS Return on Assets 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Net Income 36,866 36,950 40,928 9,904 10,849 Assets 4,77,897 3,79,963 3,11,751 2,06,278 1,36,168 Return on Assets 0.08 0.10 0.13 0.05 0.08 Gross Profit Margin: It denotes the profit made by the company after the cost of goods sold. For the computation COGS is eliminated and then the computation is done. Higher percentage is a good indicator and helps in providing a better result (Needles Powers, 2013). The Gross profit for ASOS for last five years is: Gross Profit Margin 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Gross income 575000 485000 399000 252000 167000 Sales Revenue 11,50,788 9,75,470 7,69,396 2,38,023 3,39,691 Gross Profit Margin 49.97 49.72 51.86 105.87 49.16 Liquidity Ratio: Liquidity refers to how quickly the company can have access to cash. In order for smooth functioning of a business, company needs to maintain a proportion between its liquid and non-liquid assets. The companys ability to meet with its obligation in due time is calculated with the help of these ratios (Libby et. al, 2011). Quick Ratio: this ratio is a better indicator as compared to the current stock because the inventory part is eliminated at the very beginning and stock is not sold to repay the money. A standard quick ratio denotes 1:1 (Merchant, 2012). This ratio indicates that the funds must be adequate to repay the dents or obligations. The Quick ratio for ASOS is given below: Quick Ratio 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Current Assets Stock 143 100 90 48 45 Current Liabilities 237 186 152 100 90 Quick Ratio 0.5 0.48 0.592105 0.537634 0.603376 Efficiency Ratio: as the name suggest these ratios are used to determine the efficiency of the company in terms of figures these are determined using the various incentives given by the company to its shareholders like dividends, bonuses, stock appreciation, etc. (Choi Meek, 2011). These ratios help the investor compare between two or more companies of the same industry. Earnings per Share: the earnings per share are calculated by dividing the total earnings of the company by the weighted number of equity shares of the company (Melville, 2013). These help the investors determine the gains made by the company per share issued to them. The earnings per share of ASOS Plc are: Earnings Per Share 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Total Earnings attributable to owners 36,866 36,950 40,928 9,904 10,849 No of Shares 83,034 83,125 81,751 79,078 74,375 Earnings Per Share 44.40 44.45 50.06 12.52 14.59 Solvency Ratio: the solvency ratios help us to analyse the capital structure of the company. These ratios calculate the relationship and weight age among various sources of funds which are used in the business, as the cost of capital plays a very important role in the development of the company (Melville, 2013). Debt Equity Ratio: Debt equity ratio is the ratio between the total funds of the company with respect to total equity funds. This ratio helps to determine the ratio of outside funds used in comparison to owned funds. Some companies operate better with loan high loan funds whereas some not (Deegan, 2011). The equity ratio of ASOS for last five years is: Equity Ratio 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Total Equity 2,37,315 1,93,031 1,59,799 1,05,987 72,120 Total Assets 4,77,897 3,79,963 3,11,751 2,06,278 1,36,168 Equity Ratio 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.53 Price Earnings Ratio of ASOS Plc International Limited: In order to calculate the PE ratio for ASOS Plc International Limited, we are required to collect some information - the price of the shares of the company and its last reported earnings. Using various sources the following data was collected, It can be interpreted that the investor is willing to pay a price that is 18 times the EPS of the company. Share Price movement of ASOS Plc during the year 2014-15 The following graph shows the share price movement of ASOS Plc during the year 2014-2015. It is clearly visible in the graph below that the share price of the company ranged from $ 3.3 to $ 2.7 during the year (ASOS Plc, 2015). No major or sudden movement in the stocks of ASOS Plc was witnessed. Therefore, we can say that the shares of ASOS Plc not highly volatile (Fields, 2011). Analysis of ratios of ASOS PLC The important ratios of the company are already given above. Further the important areas of the company will be put to discussion. Profitability- From the profitability ratio it is evident that the company has made significant achievements. The net profit margin has enhanced from 3 to 5 percent, the highest report was seen in the year 2013 here it clocked near 5%. The return on net assets is stable and is projected to have a strong performance with each passage of time. This report was highest in the year 2013. Liquidity In order to determine the state of liquidity we have calculated the current ratio of the company. The most appropriate liquid ratio for the company is 2. The current ratio is around 1.5 that is not efficient; however it is not harmful for the company. The liquidity is in a moderate state (Northington, 2011). Efficiency The efficiency of ASOS has been ascertained considering the EPS of the company. A good improvement is seen in the EPS of the company in the past five years. The company has correctly. The EPS of the company has enhanced by dint of higher profit and this has strengthened the company. Investment: the investment refers to the capital structure of the company. ASOS structures entirely on equity and does not contain any element of debt. Every activity of the company is supported by the funds raised through issue of shares. The solvency part is balanced by the capital structure of the company (Northington, 2011). The equity ratio of the past five years projects that ASOS has a stable position in terms of equity structure. The company has properly maintained the investment pattern in shares and the equity ratio of .50 is an apt example of the performance. Conclusion As per the research and financial analysis it can be commented that ASOS Plc has shown an impressive run considering the fact that its existence pertains to 16 years. It has attained huge success in a very short span of time. The management policies prove that the strength of the company is strong and fundamentals are justified. Therefore, it should be on the radar list of the investors as it is having a strong run and clocking better results. Moreover, the ratios are in tune with the performance of the company and near to the industry standards. References ASOS 2015, ASOS Annual Report and accounts 2015, viewed 17 August 2016, https://www.asosplc.com/investors/results-reports/2015.aspx Choi, R.D. and Meek, G.K 2011, International accounting, Pearson . Christensen, J 2011, Good analytical research, European Accounting Review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 41-51 Deegan, C. M 2011, In Financial accounting theory, North Ryde, N.S.W: McGraw-Hill. Fields, E 2011, The essentials of finance and accounting for nonfinancial managers, New York: American Management Association. Libby, R., Libby, P. Short, D 2011,Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Melville, A 2013, International Financial Reporting A Practical Guide, 4th edition, Pearson, Education Limited, UK Merchant, K. A 2012, Making Management Accounting Research More Useful, Pacific Accounting Review, vol. 24, no.3, pp. 1-34. Needles, B.E. Powers, M 2013, Principles of Financial Accounting, Financial Accounting Series: Cengage Learning. Northington, S 2011, Finance, New York, NY: Ferguson's.